Research and analysis
Annex 2: Table 4
Updated 28 June 2021
Download CSV 6.5 KB
| Study | Includes erythromycin, azithromycin or clarithromycin | Includes outcome of interest (MCM, CVM or miscarriage) | Comparator | Included or excluded | Reason for exclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andersen JT, Petersen M, Jimenez‐Solem E, Broedbaek K, Andersen NL, Torp‐Pedersen C, et al. Clarithromycin in early pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage and malformation: a register based nationwide cohort study. PLoS One. 2013; 8(1):e53327. Epub 2013/01/10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone. 0053327 PMID: 23301061; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPmc3534696. | Yes (clarithromycin, erythromycin) | MCM, miscarriage (spontaneous abortion) | unexposed women | included | N/A |
| Kallen BA, Otterblad Olausson P, Danielsson BR. Is erythromycin therapy teratogenic in humans?Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, NY). 2005; 20(2):209–14. Epub 2005/05/24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2005.01.010 PMID: 15907655. | yes (erythromycin) | CVM | all live born infants | included | N/A |
| Kenyon SL, Taylor DJ, Tarnow‐Mordi W. Broad‐spectrum antibiotics for spontaneous preterm labour: the ORACLE II randomised trial. ORACLE Collaborative Group. Lancet. 2001; 357(9261):989–94. Epub 2001/04/11. PMID: 11293641. | yes (erythromycin) | No (composite of neonatal death, chronic lung disease, or major cerebral abnormality on ultrasonography before discharge from hospital) | placebo | excluded | did not study 1st trimester use or outcome of interest |
| Kenyon SL, Taylor DJ, Tarnow‐Mordi W. Broad‐spectrum antibiotics for preterm, prelabour rupture of fetal membranes: the ORACLE I randomised trial. ORACLE Collaborative Group. Lancet. 2001; 357 (9261):979–88. Epub 2001/04/11. PMID: 11293640. | yes (erythromycin) | No (composite of neonatal death, chronic lung disease, or major cerebral abnormality on ultrasonography before discharge from hospital) | placebo | excluded | did not study 1st trimester use or outcome of interest |
| Kenyon S, Pike K, Jones DR, Brocklehurst P, Marlow N, Salt A, et al. Childhood outcomes after prescription of antibiotics to pregnant women with spontaneous preterm labour: 7‐year follow‐up of the ORACLE II trial. Lancet. 2008; 372(9646):1319–27. Epub 2008/09/23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140‐6736(08)61203‐9 PMID: 18804276. | yes (erythromycin) | No (long‐term developmental outcomes) | placebo | excluded | did not study 1st trimester use or outcome of interest |
| Kenyon S, Pike K, Jones DR, Brocklehurst P, Marlow N, Salt A, et al. Childhood outcomes after prescription of antibiotics to pregnant women with preterm rupture of the membranes: 7‐year follow‐up of the ORACLE I trial. Lancet. 2008; 372(9646):1310–8. Epub 2008/09/23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140‐ 6736(08)61202‐7 PMID: 18804274. | yes (erythromycin) | No (functional impairment) | placebo | excluded | did not study 1st trimester use or outcome of interest |
| Eschenbach DA, Nugent RP, Rao AV, Cotch MF, Gibbs RS, Lipscomb KA, et al. A randomized placebo‐controlled trial of erythromycin for the treatment of Ureaplasma urealyticum to prevent premature delivery. The Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991; 164(3):734–42. Epub 1991/03/01. PMID: 2003533. | yes (erythromycin) | No (premature delivery) | placebo | excluded | did not study 1st trimester use or outcome of interest |
| Kwak HM, Shin MY, Cha HH, Choi SJ, Lee JH, Kim JS, et al. The efficacy of cefazolin plus macrolide (erythromycin or clarithromycin) versus cefazolin alone in neonatal morbidity and placental inflammation for women with preterm premature rupture of membranes. Placenta. 2013; 34(4):346–52. Epub 2013/03/08. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2013.01.016 PMID: 23465535 | yes (erythromycin, clarithromycin) | No (composite of neonatal morbidity) | women randomly assigned to cefazolin, cefazolin plus erythromycin, or cefazolin plus clarithromycin | excluded | did not study 1st trimester use or outcome of interest |
| Martin DH, Eschenbach DA, Cotch MF, Nugent RP, Rao AV, Klebanoff MA, et al. Double‐Blind Placebo Controlled Treatment Trial of Chlamydia trachomatis Endocervical Infections in Pregnant Women. Infectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology. 1997; 5(1):10–7. Epub 1997/01/01. https://doi.org/10.1155/S1064744997000057 PMID: 18476128; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPmc2364533. | yes (erythromycin) | No (preterm delivery, low birth weight) | unexposed | excluded | did not study 1st trimester use or outcome of interest |
| McGregor JA, French JI, Seo K. Antimicrobial therapy in preterm premature rupture of membranes: results of a prospective, doubleblind, placebo‐controlled trial of erythromycin. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991; 165(3):632–40. Epub 1991/09/01. PMID: 1892190 | yes (erythromycin) | No (prolongation of pregnancy in women with PRoM) | placebo | excluded | did not study 1st trimester use or outcome of interest |
| Mercer BM, Moretti ML, Prevost RR, Sibai BM. Erythromycin therapy in preterm premature rupture of the membranes: a prospective, randomized trial of 220 patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992; 166 (3):794–802. Epub 1992/03/01. PMID: 1550145. | yes (erythromycin) | No (prolongation of latency and reduction of infectious morbidity after preterm PRoM) | placebo | excluded | did not study 1st trimester use or outcome of interest |
| Tita AT, Szychowski JM, Boggess K, Saade G, Longo S, Clark E, et al. Adjunctive Azithromycin Prophylaxis for Cesarean Delivery. New England journal of medicine [Internet]. 2016; 375(13):[1231–41 pp.]. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/880/CN‐ 01260880/frame.html. | yes (azithromycin) | No (maternal outcomes and a composite neonatal outcome including death and sepsis) | placebo | excluded | did not study 1st trimester use or outcome of interest |
| Ye Y, Tu S, Li H. Clinic intervention study on urogenital mycoplasma infection of pregnant women. [Chinese].Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi = Zhonghua liuxingbingxue zazhi. 2001; 22(4):293–5. PMID: 11718071. | yes (erythromycin) | No ('adverse perinatal outcomes') | placebo | excluded | did not study 1st trimester use or outcome of interest |
| Meeraus WH, Petersen I, Gilbert R. Association between antibiotic prescribing in pregnancy and cerebral palsy or epilepsy in children born at term: a cohort study using the health improvement network. PLoS One. 2015; 10(3):e0122034. Epub 2015/03/26. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122034 PMID: 25807115; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPmc4373729. | yes (erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin) | No (cerebral palsy, epilepsy) | women exposed to penicillin | excluded | did not include outcomes of interest, analysis was grouped for macrolides) |