Research and analysis
Table 2d: Other Neurodevelopmental Effects
Updated 7 January 2021
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| Other Neurodevelopmental Effects | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Carbamazepine | Gabapentin | Lamotrigine | Levetiracetam | Oxcarbazepine | Phenobarbital | Phenytoin | Topiramate | Valproate |
| Pregnancy Registries | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Deshmukh et al 2016 | ABC | - | ABC | - | - | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | 5.10% | Not set | 2.90% | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Vineland-II Adaptive Behaviour Scale | CBZ vs LMT | Not set | LMT vs VPA | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | OR 1.46 | Not set | OR 0.11 | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Frequency of low and moderately low adaptive levels (%): | (95% CI 0.24 to 9.03) | Not set | (95% CI 0.02-0.74) | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Overall ABC domain | CBZ vs VPA | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Communication | OR 0.16 | Not set | Communication | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Daily Living Skills | (95% CI 0.03 to 0.92) | Not set | 7.70% | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Socialization | Not set | Not set | LMT vs VPA | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Motor Skills | Communication | Not set | OR 0.23 | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | 10.20% | Not set | (95% CI 0.04-1.27) | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | CBZ vs LMT | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | OR 2.91 | Not set | Socialization | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | (95% CI 0.64 to 13.21) | Not set | 4.80% | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | CBZ vs VPA | Not set | LMT vs VPA | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | OR 0.68 | Not set | OR 0.10 | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | (95% CI 0.15 to 3.05) | Not set | (95% CI 0.01-0.89) | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Daily Living Skills | Not set | Motor Skills | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | 5.10% | Not set | 7.70% | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | CBZ vs LMT | Not set | LTG vs VPA | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | OR 0.64 | Not set | OR 0.09 | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | (95% CI 0.15 to 2.75) | Not set | (95% CI 0.02-0.50) | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | CBZ vs VPA | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | OR 0.48 | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | (95% CI 0.09 to 2.66) | Not set | N=104 | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Socialization | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | 5.10% | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | CBZ vs LMT | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | OR 1.54 | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | (95% CI 0.18 to 13.15) | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | CBZ vs VPA | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | OR 0.15 | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | (95% CI 0.02 to 1.00) | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Motor Skills | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | 8.20% | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | CBZ vs LMT | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | OR 0.81 | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | (95% CI 0.19 to 3.41) | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | CBZ vs VPA | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | OR 0.20 | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | (95% CI 0.05 to 0.82) | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | N=97 | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Birth Registers | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Husebye et al. 2020 | Language impairment at 5 years | - | Language impairment at 5 years | Language impairment at 5 years | - | - | - | Language impairment at 5 years | Language impairment at 5 years |
| Not set | aOR 1.9 (95% CI 0.6-5.6) | Not set | aOR 1.0 (95% CI 0.5-2.3) | aOR 1.0 (95% CI 0.2-5.3) | Not set | Not set | Not set | aOR 5.8 (95% CI 0.5-64.0) | aOR 2.2 (95% CI 0.7-7.0) |
| Prospective cohort study using data from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Language impairment at 8 years | Not set | Language impairment at 8 years | Language impairment at 8 years | Not set | Not set | Not set | Language impairment at 8 years | Language impairment at 8 years |
| Language impairment at 5 years | aOR 3.8 (95% CI 1.6-9.0) | Not set | aOR 1.2 (95% CI 0.6-2.6) | aOR 0.7 (95% CI 0.1-6.0) | Not set | Not set | Not set | aOR 1.1 (95% CI 0.1-10.9) | aOR 2.2 (95% CI 0.7-6.4) |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Language impairment at 8 years | N=23 | Not set | N=41 | N=6 | Not set | Not set | Not set | N=4 | N=16 |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| AED-exposed children of WWE | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| vs | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Children of women without epilepsy | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Bech et al 2018 | cf Unexposed controls | cf Unexposed controls | cf Unexposed aOR 1.81 (95% CI 0.74 to 4.41) | cf Unexposed aOR 13.17 (95% CI 1.581 to 109.99) | cf Unexposed aOR 2.34 (95% CI 0.50 to 10.82) | cf Unexposed aOR 57.36 (95% CI 4.63 to 710.21) | Not set | cf Unexposed | cf Unexposed |
| Not set | aOR 1.74 (95% CI 0.19 to 16.05) | aOR 1.22 (95% CI 0.14 to 10.52) | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | aOR 5.82 (95% CI 1.21 to 27.97) | aOR 5.31 (95% CI 2.03 to 13.93) |
| Learning disabilities in 1st year of compulsory education | Not set | Not set | cf AED exposed | Not set | cf AED exposed aOR 0.88 (95% CI 0.24 to 3.27) | cf AED exposed aOR 12.61 (95% CI 1.98 to 80.15) | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | cf AED exposed | cf AED exposed | aOR 0.42 (95% CI 0.19 to 0.92) | cf AED exposed | Not set | Not set | Not set | cf AED exposed | cf AED exposed aOR 4.67 (95% CI 1.73 to 12.59) |
| Vs | aOR 0.46 (95% CI 0.06 to 3.79) | aOR 0.31 (95% CI 0.04 to 2.58) | Not set | aOR 5.45 (95% CI 0.78 to 38.02) | N=44 | N=11 | Not set | aOR 2.57 (95% CI 0.67 to 9.89) | Not set |
| unexposed controls | Not set | Not set | LMT mono 290 exposures | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | N=55 |
| Not set | N=35 | N=29 | Not set | N=12 | Not set | Not set | Not set | N=27 | Not set |
| Or | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Vs | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| AED exposed | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Forsberg et al 2011 | Maths | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Maths | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | OR 1.60 (95% CI 0.99-2.56) | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | OR1.13 (95%CI 0.81-1.54) | Not set | Not set |
| Children’s School Grade | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | English | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | English | Not set | Not set |
| OR Not Passing Exams | OR 1.31 (95% CI 0.78-2.18) | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | OR1.16 (95%CI 0.81-1.66) | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Swedish | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Swedish | Not set | Not set |
| AED exposed versus | OR 1.32 (95% CI 0.81-2.17) | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | OR1.17 (0.81-1.69) | Not set | Not set |
| Other children born in the same period | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Sport | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Sport | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | OR 1.50 (95% CI 0.93-2.44) | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | OR 1.00 (95%CI 0.68-1.47) | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | N=316 | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | N=243 | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Others | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Elkjaer et al 2018 | Danish | - | - Danish | Not set | Danish | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | 2nd grade -0.01 (-0.05 to 0.03) | Not set | 2nd grade -0.01 (-0.02 to 0.01) | Not set | 2nd grade -0.01 (-0.04 to 0.02) | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Performance in national tests | 4th grade -0.02 (-0.05 to 0.01) | Not set | 4th grade 0.00 (-0.02 to 0.02) | Not set | 4th grade -0.01 (-0.04 to 0.02) | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | 6th grade -0.02 (-0.05 to 0.01) | Not set | 6th grade 0.01 (-0.02 to 0.04) | Not set | 6th grade -0.01 (-0.04 to 0.02) | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Difference in standardised z scores | 8th grade -0.03 (-0.07 to 0.01) | Not set | 8th grade 0.02 (-0.03 to 0.07 | Not set | 8th grade -0.02 (-0.07 to 0.03) | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| AED | Mathematics | Not set | Mathematics | Not set | Mathematics | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| vs | 3rd grade -0.04 (-0.08 to 0.01) | Not set | 3rd grade 0.00 (-0.02 to 0.02) | Not set | 3rd grade -0.01 (-0.04 to 0.02) | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| No AED exposure | 6th grade -0.04 (-0.07 to -0.01) | Not set | 6th grade 0.01 (-0.01 to 0.04) | Not set | 6th grade -0.03 (-0.06 to 0.00) | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| N=294 | Not set | N=396 | Not set | N=123 | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |