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Table 2c: Autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Updated 7 January 2021
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Autistic disorders and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity disorder
Not set Carbamazepine Lamotrigine Levetiracetam Oxcarbazepine Phenobarbital Phenytoin Valproate
Meta-analyses Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set
Veroniki et al 2017b A/D A/D A/D A/D ADHD A/D A/D
Not set OR 5.76 OR 8.88 OR 3.64 ( OR 13.51 OR 1.29 OR 7.09 OR 17.29
Autism/dyspraxia (A/D) (95% CI 0.76 to 73.43) (95% CI 1.28 to 112.00) 95% CI 0.00 to 222.30) (95% CI 1.28 to 221.40) (95% CI 0.25,6.21) (95% CI 0.02 to 397.70) (95% CI 2.40 to 217.60)
Not set N=182 N=126 Not set Not set Not set N=83 Not set
ADHD Not set Not set LEV mono OXC mono N=321 N=61 Not set Not set
Not set ADHD ADHD Not set Not set Not set ADHD ADHD
Vs WWE (untreated) OR 2.32 OR 1.63 Not set Not set Not set OR 0.63 OR 2.84
Not set (95% CI 0. 70 to 7.86) (95% CI 0.41 to 6.06) Not set Not set Not set (95% CI 0.07 to 4.07 (95% CI 0.82 to 9.99)
Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set N=41 Not set
Not set N=182 N=105 Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set
Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set
Bromley et al 2014 Autistic traits (parental rating) Autistic traits (parental rating) - - - - Autistic traits (parental rating)
Not set OR 3.3 (0.5, 24.8 18 months) OR 1.5 (0.2, 11.0) 18 months) Not set Not set Not set Not set VPA 0% vs 0.5% control 18 months
ASD OR 2.5 (0.3, 19.1) 36 months OR 5.0 (1.7, 14.4) 36 months Not set Not set Not set Not set OR 3.7 (0.5, 28.4) 36 months
Not set N=41 N=154 Not set Not set Not set Not set N=19
Pregnancy Registries Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set
APR Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set
Wood et al 2016 Elevated CARs score - - - Not set Not set Elevated CARs score
Not set 5.90% Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set 7.70%
Autism traits (assessed using Childhood Autism Rating Scale) Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set N=26 (mono)
Not set N=34 Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set
Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set 46.70%
Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set N=15 (poly)
Huber-Mollema et a 2019 ADHD 2.8% vs 4.3% p=0.653; ADHD 5.7% vs 4.3% p=0.529; ADHD 7.1% vs 4.3% p=0.897; Not set Not set Not set ADHD 3.8% vs 4.3%;
Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set p=0.897;
ASD Not set ASD 4.6% vs 1.5% p=0.02 ASD 3.6% vs 1.5% p=0.352 Not set Not set Not set Not set
Not set ASD 0% vs 1.5% p=0.453 Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set ASD 7.1% vs 1.5%;
ADHD diagnosis Not set N=88 N=30 Not set Not set Not set p<0.01
Not set N=37 Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set
vs population norms Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set N=26
Birth Registers Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set
Veiby et al 2013 Autistic traits Autistic traits - - - - Autistic traits
Not set 3.4% Vs 1.5% 9.3% Vs 1.5% Not set Not set Not set Not set 5.6% Vs 1.5%
Risk at 36 months OR 2.5 (95% CI 0.3 to 19.1) OR 5.0 (95% CI 1.7 to 14.4) Not set Not set Not set Not set OR 3.7 (95% CI 0.5 to 28.4)
Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set
Autistic traits (Social Communication Questionnaire) ADHD symptoms ADHD symptoms Not set Not set Not set Not set ADHD symptoms
Not set 6.5% Vs 4.0% 7.0% Vs 4.0% Not set Not set Not set Not set 5.6% Vs 4.0%
ADHD symptoms OR 2.0 (95% CI 0.5 to 8.6) OR 1.5 (95% CI 0.4 to 4.8) Not set Not set Not set Not set OR 1.3 (95% CI 0.2 to 9.9)
Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set
Vs N=31 N=44 Not set Not set Not set Not set N=19
children born to WWOE Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set
Others Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set
Christensen et al 2019 7.33% 2.96% Not set 6.72% Not set Not set 8.82%
Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set
ADHD Diagnosis 5.6 3.4 Not set 5.5 (95% CI 3.7 to 8.1) Not set Not set 7.2 (95% CI 5.2 to 9.8)
Not set (95% CI 3.9 to 7.9) (95% CI 2.5 to 4.6) Not set Incidence/1000 PYs Not set Not set Incidence/1000 PYs
Not set Incidence/1000 PYs Incidence/1000 PYs Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set
Vs Not set Not set Not set aHR 1.10 Not set Not set aHR 1.52 (95% 1.05 to 2.19)
unexposed aHR 1.23 aHR 0.84 Not set (95% 0.72 to 1.67) Not set Not set Not set
Not set (95% 0.84 to 1.82) (95% 0.59 to 1.19) Not set Not set Not set Not set N=431
Not set Not set Not set Not set N=372 Not set Not set Not set
Not set N=423 N=1383 Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set
Christensen et al 2013 ASD - - ASD - - ASD
Not set 1.04% ASD Not set 2.18% Not set Not set 3.09%
Not set aHR 1.0 1.23% Not set aHR 2.1 (95% CI 0.96 to 4.6) Not set Not set aHR 3.0 (95% CI 1.7 to 5.4)
Autism Spectrum disorder (ASD) (95% CI 0.4 to 2.8) aHR 1.7 Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set
Not set Not set (95% CI 0.5 to 5.2) Not set Childhood Autism Not set Not set Childhood Autism
Childhood Autism Childhood Autism Not set Not set 0.31% Not set Not set 1.80%
Not set 0.52% Childhood Autism Not set aHR 1.0 (95% CI 0.1 to 6.9) Not set Not set aHR 4.9 (95% CI 2.3 to 10.3)
Vs aHR 1.4 0.62% Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set
unexposed (95% CI 0.4 to 2.8) aHR 1.7 Not set N=321 Not set Not set N=388
Not set Not set (95% CI 0.8 to 3.5) Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set
Not set N=386 Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set
Not set Not set N=647 Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set
Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set
Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set Not set