Research and analysis
Table 2c: Autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Updated 7 January 2021
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| Autistic disorders and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity disorder | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not set | Carbamazepine | Lamotrigine | Levetiracetam | Oxcarbazepine | Phenobarbital | Phenytoin | Valproate |
| Meta-analyses | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Veroniki et al 2017b | A/D | A/D | A/D | A/D | ADHD | A/D | A/D |
| Not set | OR 5.76 | OR 8.88 | OR 3.64 ( | OR 13.51 | OR 1.29 | OR 7.09 | OR 17.29 |
| Autism/dyspraxia (A/D) | (95% CI 0.76 to 73.43) | (95% CI 1.28 to 112.00) | 95% CI 0.00 to 222.30) | (95% CI 1.28 to 221.40) | (95% CI 0.25,6.21) | (95% CI 0.02 to 397.70) | (95% CI 2.40 to 217.60) |
| Not set | N=182 | N=126 | Not set | Not set | Not set | N=83 | Not set |
| ADHD | Not set | Not set | LEV mono | OXC mono N=321 | N=61 | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | ADHD | ADHD | Not set | Not set | Not set | ADHD | ADHD |
| Vs WWE (untreated) | OR 2.32 | OR 1.63 | Not set | Not set | Not set | OR 0.63 | OR 2.84 |
| Not set | (95% CI 0. 70 to 7.86) | (95% CI 0.41 to 6.06) | Not set | Not set | Not set | (95% CI 0.07 to 4.07 | (95% CI 0.82 to 9.99) |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | N=41 | Not set |
| Not set | N=182 | N=105 | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Bromley et al 2014 | Autistic traits (parental rating) | Autistic traits (parental rating) | - | - | - | - | Autistic traits (parental rating) |
| Not set | OR 3.3 (0.5, 24.8 18 months) | OR 1.5 (0.2, 11.0) 18 months) | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | VPA 0% vs 0.5% control 18 months |
| ASD | OR 2.5 (0.3, 19.1) 36 months | OR 5.0 (1.7, 14.4) 36 months | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | OR 3.7 (0.5, 28.4) 36 months |
| Not set | N=41 | N=154 | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | N=19 |
| Pregnancy Registries | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| APR | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Wood et al 2016 | Elevated CARs score | - | - | - | Not set | Not set | Elevated CARs score |
| Not set | 5.90% | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | 7.70% |
| Autism traits (assessed using Childhood Autism Rating Scale) | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | N=26 (mono) |
| Not set | N=34 | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | 46.70% |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | N=15 (poly) |
| Huber-Mollema et a 2019 | ADHD 2.8% vs 4.3% p=0.653; | ADHD 5.7% vs 4.3% p=0.529; | ADHD 7.1% vs 4.3% p=0.897; | Not set | Not set | Not set | ADHD 3.8% vs 4.3%; |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | p=0.897; |
| ASD | Not set | ASD 4.6% vs 1.5% p=0.02 | ASD 3.6% vs 1.5% p=0.352 | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | ASD 0% vs 1.5% p=0.453 | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | ASD 7.1% vs 1.5%; |
| ADHD diagnosis | Not set | N=88 | N=30 | Not set | Not set | Not set | p<0.01 |
| Not set | N=37 | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| vs population norms | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | N=26 |
| Birth Registers | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Veiby et al 2013 | Autistic traits | Autistic traits | - | - | - | - | Autistic traits |
| Not set | 3.4% Vs 1.5% | 9.3% Vs 1.5% | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | 5.6% Vs 1.5% |
| Risk at 36 months | OR 2.5 (95% CI 0.3 to 19.1) | OR 5.0 (95% CI 1.7 to 14.4) | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | OR 3.7 (95% CI 0.5 to 28.4) |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Autistic traits (Social Communication Questionnaire) | ADHD symptoms | ADHD symptoms | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | ADHD symptoms |
| Not set | 6.5% Vs 4.0% | 7.0% Vs 4.0% | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | 5.6% Vs 4.0% |
| ADHD symptoms | OR 2.0 (95% CI 0.5 to 8.6) | OR 1.5 (95% CI 0.4 to 4.8) | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | OR 1.3 (95% CI 0.2 to 9.9) |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Vs | N=31 | N=44 | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | N=19 |
| children born to WWOE | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Others | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Christensen et al 2019 | 7.33% | 2.96% | Not set | 6.72% | Not set | Not set | 8.82% |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| ADHD Diagnosis | 5.6 | 3.4 | Not set | 5.5 (95% CI 3.7 to 8.1) | Not set | Not set | 7.2 (95% CI 5.2 to 9.8) |
| Not set | (95% CI 3.9 to 7.9) | (95% CI 2.5 to 4.6) | Not set | Incidence/1000 PYs | Not set | Not set | Incidence/1000 PYs |
| Not set | Incidence/1000 PYs | Incidence/1000 PYs | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Vs | Not set | Not set | Not set | aHR 1.10 | Not set | Not set | aHR 1.52 (95% 1.05 to 2.19) |
| unexposed | aHR 1.23 | aHR 0.84 | Not set | (95% 0.72 to 1.67) | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | (95% 0.84 to 1.82) | (95% 0.59 to 1.19) | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | N=431 |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | N=372 | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | N=423 | N=1383 | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Christensen et al 2013 | ASD | - | - | ASD | - | - | ASD |
| Not set | 1.04% | ASD | Not set | 2.18% | Not set | Not set | 3.09% |
| Not set | aHR 1.0 | 1.23% | Not set | aHR 2.1 (95% CI 0.96 to 4.6) | Not set | Not set | aHR 3.0 (95% CI 1.7 to 5.4) |
| Autism Spectrum disorder (ASD) | (95% CI 0.4 to 2.8) | aHR 1.7 | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | (95% CI 0.5 to 5.2) | Not set | Childhood Autism | Not set | Not set | Childhood Autism |
| Childhood Autism | Childhood Autism | Not set | Not set | 0.31% | Not set | Not set | 1.80% |
| Not set | 0.52% | Childhood Autism | Not set | aHR 1.0 (95% CI 0.1 to 6.9) | Not set | Not set | aHR 4.9 (95% CI 2.3 to 10.3) |
| Vs | aHR 1.4 | 0.62% | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| unexposed | (95% CI 0.4 to 2.8) | aHR 1.7 | Not set | N=321 | Not set | Not set | N=388 |
| Not set | Not set | (95% CI 0.8 to 3.5) | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | N=386 | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | N=647 | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |