Research and analysis
Table 2b: Effects on Developmental Quotient (DQ)
Updated 7 January 2021
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| Table 2b: Effects on Developmental Quotient (DQ) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DQ/ Effects on development | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Carbamazepine | Lamotrigine | Levetiracetam | Phenobarbital | Phenytoin | Topiramate | Valproate |
| Meta-analyses | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Veroniki et al 2017b | LD | LD | PDD | LD | PDD | PDD | LD |
| Not set | OR 4.32 (0.81, 26.93) | OR 4.36 (0.68,25.41) | OR 0.27 (0.00,4.26) | OR 1.06 (0.22,5.08) | OR 2.84 (0.97,7.93) | OR 3.89 (0.41,24.27) | OR 7.95 (1.50,49.13) |
| Not set | N=117 | N=59 | Not set | N=41 | Not set | Not set | N= |
| Language Delay (LD) | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | N=83 | N= | Not set |
| Not set | PDD | PDD | Not set | PDD | Not set | Not set | PDD |
| Psychomotor developmental delay (PDD) | OR 1.68 (0.85, 3.41) | OR1.86 (0.72, 4.76) | Not set | OR 0.96 (0.39, 2.29) | Not set | Not set | OR 4.16 (2.04, 8.75) |
| Not set | N=249 | N=745 | Not set | N=117 | Not set | Not set | N= |
| Bromley et 2014 | DQ | Mean 99 (95% CI 94 to 103) | Mean 99.9 (95% CI 97 to 103,) | mean 115 | MD -0.12 (95% CI -7.54 to 7.30, P=0.98) vs general population | - | mean 92 (87, 96) |
| Not set | MD -5.58 (95% CI -10.83 to -0.34) Vs WWOE | vs general population | vs WWOE | (SD not reported) | N=20 | Not set | Vs WWOE |
| DQ | N=50 | mean 98.8 (95% CI 96 to 102); P=0.62 | mean 100 (95% CI 99 to 102); P=0.21 | vs general population | Not set | Not set | mean 100 (99, 102); P<0.001 |
| Mean | Not set | N=51 | N=34 | mean 119 | Mean 90.3 (77, 103) Vs WWE Mean 92.3 (81,103) | Not set | N=42 |
| Not set | MD -7.22 (95% CI -12.76 to -1.67 Vs WWE | Not set | Not set | (SD not reported) P=0.372 | N=29 | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | N=163 | Not set | Mean 99 (95% CI 94 to 103,) | Not set | Not set | Not set | Bayley Scales |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | vs WWE | Mean 90.3 (94, 97) | Motor development | Not set | MD -8.72 (-14.31, -3.31), P=0.002, I2=0% |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | mean 104 (95% CI 101 to 108); P=0.21 | Vs WWE | PHT (n=15) mean 98 versus control mean 106 (CIs unclear) | Not set | N=123 |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | N=34 | Mean 92.3 (81, 103) | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | N=41 | Not set | Not set | Griffiths Mental Development Scale |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | mean 92 (87, 96) |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Vs WWE |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | mean 104 (101, 108) |
| Pregnancy Registries | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Cummings et al 2011 | 20.4% evidence of mild or significant developmental delay | 2.9% evidence of mild or significant developmental delay | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | 39.6% evidence of mild or significant developmental delay |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Bayley Scale of Infant Development | CBZ vs control | LMT vs control | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | VPA vs control |
| Not set | Adjusted OR 7.7 (95% 1.4 to 43.1); p<0.01 | Adjusted OR 1.1 (95% 0.1 to 13.7); p<0.01 | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Adjusted OR 26.1 (95% 4.9 to 139); p<0.001 |
| Griffiths Mental Development Scale | Not set | 35 exposure | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | 58 exposures |
| Not set | 49 exposures | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Shallcross et al 2011 | Not set | Not set | Overall DQ | Not set | Not set | Not set | Overall DQ |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | 99.96 (95% CI 97.16 to 102.76 | Not set | Not set | Not set | 87.63 (95% CI 82.68 to 93.18) |
| Griffiths Mental Development Scale | Not set | Not set | ) | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Locomotor | Not set | Not set | Not set | Locomotor |
| Mean (95% CI) | Not set | Not set | 97.35 (95% CI 93.66 to 98.29) | Not set | Not set | Not set | 84.66 (95% CI 78.72 to 90.59) |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Overall DQ | Not set | Not set | Personal and Social | Not set | Not set | Not set | Personal and Social |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | 98.00 (95% CI 93.73 to 102.27) | Not set | Not set | Not set | 89.82 (95% CI 83.62 to 96.02) |
| Locomotor | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Hearing and Language | Not set | Not set | Not set | Hearing and Language |
| Personal and Social | Not set | Not set | 100.57 (95% CI 96.89 to 104.24) | Not set | Not set | Not set | 90.48 (95% CI 84.29 to 96.66) |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Hearing and Language | Not set | Not set | Hand and Eye Coordination | Not set | Not set | Not set | Hand and Eye Coordination |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | 101.88 (95% CI 97.46 to 106.30) | Not set | Not set | Not set | 88.21 (95% CI 82.07 to 94.35) |
| Hand and Eye Coordination | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Performance | Not set | Not set | Not set | Performance |
| Performance | Not set | Not set | 101.75 (95% CI 98.02 to 105.47) | Not set | Not set | Not set | 88.88 (95% CI 83.29 to 94.48) |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Overall DQ | Not set | Not set | N=51 | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| OR AED vs Control | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Birth Registers | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Wide et al 2002 | Locomotor function | Not set | Not set | Not set | Locomotor | - | Not set |
| Not set | 104 (95% CI -5.1 to 4.7) | Not set | Not set | Not set | 98 (95% CI -14.0 to -0.4) | Not set | Not set |
| Griffiths Mental Development Scale | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Personal and Social behaviour | Not set | Not set | Not set | Personal and Social Behaviour | Not set | Not set |
| Mean (95% CI for the differences of mean score) | 107 (-3.4 to 3.3) | Not set | Not set | Not set | 105 (95% CI -8.2 to 2.5) | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Total Score | Hearing and Speech | Not set | Not set | Not set | Hearing and speech | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | 105 (-9.6 to 6.7) | Not set | Not set | Not set | 111 (95% CI -11.9 to 10.4) | Not set | Not set |
| Locomotor function | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Hand and Eye Coordination | Not set | Not set | Not set | Hand and Eye Coordination | Not set | Not set |
| Personal and Social | 100 (-6.1 to 3.5) | Not set | Not set | Not set | 101 (95% CI -7.8 to 5.4) | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Performance | Not set | Not set | Not set | Performance | Not set | Not set |
| Hearing and Language | 105 (-8.0 to 2.5) | Not set | Not set | Not set | 110 (95% CI -8.4 to 11.2) | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Hand and Eye Coordination | Practical reasoning | Not set | Not set | Not set | Practical reasoning | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | 101 (-11.1 to 3.1) | Not set | Not set | Not set | 97 (-23.0 to 3.5) | Not set | Not set |
| Performance | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Total Score | Not set | Not set | Not set | Total Score | Not set | Not set |
| Overall DQ | 618 (-34.7 to 11.8) | Not set | Not set | Not set | 612 (-66.8 to 19.7) | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | N=35 | Not set | Not set | Not set | N=15 | Not set | Not set |
| Prospective studies | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Cohen et al 2019 | IQ | IQ | - | - | IQ | - | IQ |
| Not set | 106.2 (95% CI 103.1 to 109.3); | 108.4 (95% CI 105.5 to 111.3); | Not set | Not set | 107.4 (95% CI 103.3 to 111.4); | Not set | 100.8 (95% CI 97.2 to 104.3); |
| Standardised mean of 6 years IQ (95% CI) | Effect -5.4 (-10.4 to -0.4); p=0.0370 | Effect -3.2 (-8.1 to -1.8); p=0.2111 | Not set | Not set | Effect -4.2 (-9.8 to 1.4); p=0.1467 | Not set | Effect -10.8 (-16 to -5.6); p<0.0001 |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Attention/concentration | Attention/concentration | Not set | Not set | Attention/concentration | Not set | Attention/concentration |
| Not set | 101.2 (96.8, 105.5) | 98.2 (94.2, 102.3) | Not set | Not set | 98 (92.5, 103.6) | Not set | 94.1 (89.1, 99.1) |
| Not set | Effect -3.1 (-8.7, 2.6) | Effect -6 (-11.5, -0.5) | Not set | Not set | Effect -6.2 (-12.7, 0.3) | Not set | Effect -10.2 (-16.3, -4.1) |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Verbal immediate | Verbal immediate | Not set | Not set | Verbal immediate | Not set | Verbal immediate |
| Not set | 103.2 (99.4, 107) | 103.1 (99.6, 106.7) | Not set | Not set | 100.8 (96, 105.6) | Not set | 94.5 (90, 98.9) |
| Not set | Effect -1.6 (-6.5, 3.3) | Effect -1.7 (-6.5, 3.1) | Not set | Not set | Effect -4 (-9.7, 1.6) | Not set | Effect -10.4 (-15.8, -5.0) |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Verbal delayed | Verbal delayed | Not set | Not set | Verbal delayed | Not set | Verbal delayed |
| Not set | 103.8 (99.5, 108.1) | 103.6 (99.6, 107.6) | Not set | Not set | 99.1 (93.7, 104.5) | Not set | 92.2 (87.2, 97.3) |
| Not set | Effect 0 (-5.6, 5.5) | Effect -0.3 (-5.6, 5.1) | Not set | Not set | Effect -4.8 (-11.1, 1.6) | Not set | Effect -11.6 (-17.7, -5.5) |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Delayed recognition | Delayed recognition | Not set | Not set | Delayed recognition | Not set | Delayed recognition |
| Not set | 101.5 (97.8, 105.2) | 103.1 (99.7, 106.6) | Not set | Not set | 99.3 (94.6, 103.9) | Not set | 90.4 (86, 94.7) |
| Not set | Effect -3.8 (-8.6, 1) | Effect -2.2 (-6.8, 2.5) | Not set | Not set | Effect -6 (-11.5, -0.5) | Not set | Effect -14.9 (-20.2, -9.6) |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Visual immediate | Visual immediate | Not set | Not set | Visual immediate | Not set | Visual immediate |
| Not set | 98.6 (95, 102.1) | 100.6 (97.3, 103.9) | Not set | Not set | 97.3 (92.8, 101.8) | Not set | 94.4 (90.3, 98.5) |
| Not set | Effect -3.1 (-7.7, 1.5) | Effect -1.1 (-5.6, 3.4) | Not set | Not set | Effect -4.4 (-9.7, 0.9) | Not set | Effect -7.3 (-12.3, -2.2) |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Visual delayed | Visual delayed | Not set | Not set | Visual delayed | Not set | Visual delayed |
| Not set | 103.4 (99.7, 107) | 105.3 (101.9, 108.7) | Not set | Not set | 99.4 (94.8, 104.1) | Not set | 95.2 (90.9, 99.4) |
| Not set | Effect 0.2 (-4.5, 4.9) | Effect -2.2 (-2.4, 6.7) | Not set | Not set | Effect -3.7 (-9.1, 1.7) | Not set | Effect -8 (-13.2, -2.8) |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Learning | Learning | Not set | Not set | Learning | Not set | Learning |
| Not set | 98.4 (94.6, 102.1) | 98 (94.5, 101.5) | Not set | Not set | 94.7 (89.9, 99.4) | Not set | 90.2 (85.9, 94.6) |
| Not set | Effect-5.1 (-10, -0.3) | Effect-5.5 (-10.2, -0.8) | Not set | Not set | Effect-8.8 (-14.4, -3.3) | Not set | Effect-13.3 (-18.6, -8) |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | N=61 | N=73 | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | N=39 | Not set | N=48 |
| Dean et al 2002 | DD 15 (22%); | - | - | DD 6 (10%) | DD 8 (33%); | Not set | DD 13 (28%); |
| Not set | p<0.05 | Not set | Not set | Not set | p<0.05 | Not set | p<0.05 |
| Developmental delay (DD) | Not set | Not set | Not set | BD 4 (6.6%) | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Behaviour disorder (BD) | BD 10 (14.5%); | Not set | Not set | Not set | BD 1 (4.2%) | Not set | BD 5 (10.9%); |
| N(%) | p<0.05 | Not set | Not set | N=25 | Not set | Not set | p<0.05 |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | N=25 | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | N=70 | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | N=47 |
| Others | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Shankaran et al 2001 | Not set | Not set | Not set | MDI | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | PHB | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Antenatal exposure to PHB or placebo between 24 to 32 weeks | Not set | Not set | Not set | 85 (49-124) | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Vs | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Bayley Scale of development | Not set | Not set | Not set | Placebo | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| In infant at 18-22 months | Not set | Not set | Not set | 86 (49-129) | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Mental Development Index (MDI) | Not set | Not set | Not set | PDI | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | PHB | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Psychomotor Development Index (PDI) | Not set | Not set | Not set | 91 (49-121) | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Vs | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| median (range) | Not set | Not set | Not set | Placebo | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | 91 (49-134) | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | N=344 | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |
| Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set | Not set |